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Compound Management Market - By Product & Service (Products, Instruments, Software, Outsourcing Services), By Sample Type,(Chemical Compounds, Bio samples), By End User (Pharmaceutical companies, Research Organizations, Research and academic institutes).By Region (North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East & Africa and Latin America) and Industry Analysis, Opportunity and Forecast 2021To 2027.

Published Date: May 2021

No. of Pages: 201

Status: Published

Report Code: ARI100632

The market is projected to reach USD 764.4 million in 2027 from USD 282.2 million in 2020, at a CAGR of 15.3 % during the forecast period. Increasing drug discovery activities, growth in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry as well as increasing demand for outsourcing these services are some of the factors driving the market.

Automated storage systems manage collections of compounds more efficiently, maximize sample integrity as well as improve turnaround times while sourcing samples. Additionally, new automated technology for sample management has led to the introduction of innovations that support novel approaches for high-throughput screening. Fully automated systems include preparation of assay plate, weighing and dissolution of the compound, and library maintenance that completely improve workflows of drug discovery by eliminating time-consuming and error-prone tasks.

With the increasing number, variety as well as the size of the sample collections around the world, the need for software management tools also increases. Earlier, numerous organizations preferred to set up and maintain their software systems for sample management. But this has often proven costly. Hence, many have now switched to outsourced solutions. For instance, Titan Software Limited supplied its Mosaic sample management system to various consumers ranging from CROs to biotech start-ups and large pharmaceutical companies.

Companies are increasingly undertaking collaborations and leveraging expertise, which is expected to drive the compound management market. Organizations are undertaking and extending existing strategic partnerships with many academic institutions, venture capitalists for funding, and other private or public companies to exploit any patented technology and molecules. Rising partnerships between public or private entities accelerate drug discovery processes, which in turn, increase the global demand.

In May 2017, Eisai, Inc., a U.S. subsidiary of Japan-based Eisai Co. Ltd., and John Hopkins University extended their drug discovery partnership via a license agreement for small molecule compounds recognized by the collaborated study of John Hopkins University and Eisai's Andover Innovative Medicines (AiM) Institute.

Major players in this market include Brooks Automation (US), Hamilton Company (US), TTP Group (US), Labcyte (US), Biosero (US), and Tecan (Switzerland) Evotec (Germany), Wuxi AppTec (China), Icagen (US), TCG Lifescience (India), and Frontier Scientific (US).

Analyst Commentary

By sample type, the chemical compounds segment to account for the largest share during the forecast period. The rising drug discovery activity is leading to an increased demand for compounds, which is positively affecting market growth.

By product & service, the outsourcing services segment is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The outsourcing services segment is projected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. This high growth is due to the shift in trend towards outsourcing compound management to third-party service providers. These companies are experts in compound management and provide various services to pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, and CROs with regard to their compound storage needs, and are reasonably priced.

By end-user, the pharmaceutical companies segment to account for the largest share in the compound/sample management products market. The rising drug discovery activity, coupled with increasing pharmaceutical companies, is the major factor driving the growth of the segment.

Segmentation

On the basis of product & services, the compound management market is segmented into compound/sample management products and outsourcing services. The compound/sample management products segment is divided into instruments and software. The sample type segment of the compound management market is segmented into chemical compounds and bio samples. The end- user segment of the compound management market is divided into pharmaceuticals companies, biopharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations, research and academic institutes, and other.

Regional Analysis

Based on geography, North America dominated the market for compound management in 2021.This is due to the strong base of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are involved in drug discovery activity. Thus, there is an increasing demand for services in this region. Moreover, the increase in disease-related morbidity and mortality has led to the discovery of more drug candidates, thereby driving the growth in this region.

The Asia Pacific is expected to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period. Ongoing studies in drug discovery, private-public collaborations, and government initiatives are some of the other factors likely to propel the growth of the regional market. Japan contributed to the largest market share owing to favourable government support. The revised Pharmaceutical Affairs Law supports research activities regarding tissue diagnostics and cancer in Japan, which is expected to drive the market for compound management in this country soon.

The large share of North America is attributed to the presence of the large pharmaceutical and biopharma industry. As a result, several companies in North America are engaged in drug discovery activities, which require the maintenance of substantial chemical libraries. Moreover, to maintain the productivity of such innovative drugs and biologics, most of the leading pharma and biopharma companies have started building compound management facilities or contracting external service providers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Executive Summary
Chapter 2. Research Methodology
2.1. Research approach
2.2. Scope, definition, and assumptions
2.3. Data Sources
2.3.1. Secondary Sources
2.3.1.1. Preliminary data mining
2.3.2. Primary Sources
2.3.2.1. Statistical Model
2.3.2.2. Data Triangulation
2.3.2.3. Research Objective
Chapter 3. Market Outlook
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Key trends
3.2.1. xx
3.3. Market drivers
3.3.1. Impact analysis of Market Drivers
3.4. Market restraints
3.4.1. Impact analysis of Market Restraints
3.5. Market opportunities
3.5.1. Impact analysis of Market Opportunities
3.6. Market Challenges
3.6.1. Impact analysis of Market Trends
3.7. Porter’s Five Forces’ analysis
3.7.1. Bargaining Engine Powered of Suppliers
3.7.2. Bargaining Engine Powered of Buyers
3.7.3. Threat of New Entrant
3.7.4. Threat of Substitutes
3.7.5. High Competitive Rivalry
3.8. Value chain analysis
Chapter 4. COVID-19 Impact On Compound Management Market
Chapter 5. Global Compound Management Market Overview, By Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
5.1. Global Compound Management Market Share, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
5.1.1. Research Organizations
5.1.1.1. Market Size and Projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
5.1.1.2. Market Size and Projections, by Region, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
5.1.2. Outsourcing Services
5.1.2.1. Market Size and Projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
5.1.2.2. Market Size and Projections, by Region, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
Chapter 6. Global Compound Management Market Overview, By Sample Type, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
6.1. Global Compound Management Market Share, By Sample Type, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
6.1.1. Chemical Compounds
6.1.1.1. Market Size and Projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
6.1.1.2. Market Size and Projections, by Region, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
6.1.2. BIOSAMPLES
6.1.2.1. Market Size and Projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
6.1.2.2. Market Size and Projections, by Region, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
Chapter 7. Global Compound Management Market Overview, By End-users, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
7.1. Global Compound Management Market Share, End-users, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
7.1.1. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES
7.1.1.1. Market Size and Projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
7.1.1.2. Market Size and Projections, by Region, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
7.1.2. Research Organizations
7.1.2.1. Market Size and Projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
7.1.2.2. Market Size and Projections, by Region, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
7.1.3. Research and academic institutes
7.1.3.1. Market Size and Projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
7.1.3.2. Market Size and Projections, by Region, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
Chapter 8. Global Compound Management Market Overview, By Geography, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
8.1. Global Compound Management Market Share, By Geography, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
8.1.1. Market Size and projections, by Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
8.1.2. Market Share and CAGR Comparison, by Countries, 2020 & 2027 (%)
Chapter 9. North America Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1. North America Compound Management Market Overview, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.2. North America Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.3. North America Compound Management Market Overview, By Sample Type, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.4. North America Compound Management Market Overview, End-users, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5. North America Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.1. U.S. Compound Management Market Overview, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.1.2. U.S. Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.1.3. Other Segments
9.1.5.2. Canada Compound Management Market Overview, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.2.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.2.2. Canada Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.2.3. Other Segments
9.1.5.3. Mexico Compound Management Market Overview, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.3.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.3.2. Mexico Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5.3.3. Other Segments
Chapter 10. Europe Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1. Europe Compound Management Market Overview, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.2. Europe Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.3. Europe Compound Management Market Overview, By Sample Type, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.4. Europe Compound Management Market Overview, By End-users, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5. Europe Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.1. Germany
10.1.5.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.1.2. Germany Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.1.3. Others Segments
10.1.5.2. France
10.1.5.2.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.2.2. France Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.2.3. Others Segments
10.1.5.3. UK
10.1.5.3.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.3.2. UK Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.3.3. Others Segments
10.1.5.4. Italy
10.1.5.4.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.4.2. Italy Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.4.3. Others Segments
10.1.5.5. Spain
10.1.5.5.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.5.2. Spain Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.5.3. Others Segments
10.1.5.6. Rest of Europe
10.1.5.6.1. Market size and projections, 2015 – 2025
10.1.5.6.2. Rest of Europe Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
10.1.5.6.3. Others Segments
Chapter 11. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market Overview, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.2. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.3. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market Overview, By Sample Type, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.4. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market Overview, By End-users, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.1. India
11.1.5.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.1.2. India Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.1.3. Other Segments
11.1.5.2. China
11.1.5.2.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.2.2. China Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.2.3. Other Segments
11.1.5.3. Japan
11.1.5.3.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.3.2. Japan Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.3.3. Other Segments
11.1.5.4. South Korea
11.1.5.4.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.4.2. South Korea Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.4.3. Other Segments
11.1.5.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
11.1.5.5.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.5.2. Rest of Asia Pacific Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
11.1.5.5.3. Other Segments
Chapter 12. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market Overview, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.2. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.3. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market Overview, By Sample Type, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.4. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market Overview, By End-users, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.5. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.5.1. GCC
12.1.5.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.5.1.2. GCC Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.5.1.3. Other Segments
12.1.5.2. South Africa
12.1.5.2.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.5.2.2. South Africa Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.5.2.3. Other Segments
12.1.5.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa
12.1.5.3.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.5.3.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
12.1.5.3.3. Other Segments
Chapter 13. South America Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1. South America Compound Management Market Overview, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.2. South America Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.3. South America Compound Management Market Overview, By Sample Type, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.4. South America Compound Management Market Overview, By End-users, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.5. South America Compound Management Market Overview, By Countries, 2015- 2026 (USD Million)
13.1.6. Brazil
13.1.6.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.6.2. Brazil Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.6.3. Other Segments
13.1.7. Argentina
13.1.7.1. Market size and projections, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.7.2. Argentina Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.7.3. Other Segments
13.1.8. Rest of South America
13.1.8.1. Market size and projections, 2015 – 2027
13.1.8.2. Rest of South America Compound Management Market Overview, Product & Service, 2015 - 2027 (USD Million)
13.1.8.3. Other Segments
Chapter 14. Competitive Landscape
14.1. Competitive environment, 2020
14.2. Strategic framework
14.2.1. Partnership/agreement
14.2.2. Expansion
14.2.3. Mergers & Acquisitions
14.2.4. New Distribution channel development
Chapter 15. Key Vendor Analysis
15.1. Brooks Automation.
15.1.1. Company overview
15.1.2. Financial performance
15.1.3. Distribution channel Benchmarking
15.1.4. Recent initiatives
15.1.5. SWOT analysis
15.2. Hamilton Company
15.2.1. Company overview
15.2.2. Financial performance
15.2.3. Distribution channel Benchmarking
15.2.4. Recent initiatives
15.2.5. SWOT analysis
15.3. TTP Group.
15.4. Labcyte
15.5. BIOSERO
Chapter 16. Compound Management Market Cost Analysis
16.1. Compound Management Market Key Raw Material Analysis
16.1.1. Key Raw Material
16.1.2. Price Trend of Key Raw Material
16.1.3. Key Suppliers of Raw Material
16.1.4. Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Chapter 17. Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers
17.1. Compound Management Market Industrial Chain Analysis
17.2. Upstream Raw Material Sourcing
17.3. Raw Material Source of Compound Management Market Major Manufacturers in 2021
17.4. Downstream Buyers
Chapter 18. Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders
18.1. Marketing Channel
18.1.1. Direct Marketing
18.1.2. Indirect Marketing
18.1.3. Marketing Channel Development Trend
18.2. Market Positioning
18.2.1. Pricing Strategy
18.2.2. Brand Strategy
18.2.3. Target Client
18.3. Distributors/Traders List
Chapter 19. Market Effect Factors Analysis
19.1. Technology Progress/Risk
19.1.1. Substitutes Threat
19.1.2. Technology Progress in Related Distribution channel
19.2. Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
19.3. Economic/Political Environmental Change
Chapter 20. Future Outlook of the Market
Disclaimer

List of Figures
1. Market segmentation
2. Value chain analysis
3. Porter’s Five Forces’ analysis
4. Engine Powered of Suppliers
5. Engine Powered of Buyers
6. Threat of New Entrants
7. Threat of Substitute
8. Competitive Rivalry
9. Global Compound Management Market share, Product & Service, 2020 & 2027 (%)
10. Global Compound Management Market share, Products, Product & Service, 2020 & 2027 (USD Million)
11. Global Compound Management Market share, by Outsourcing Services (AML), Product & Service, 2020 & 2027 (USD Million)
12. Global Compound Management Market share, By Sample Type, 2020 & 2027 (%)
13. Global Compound Management Market share, by BIOSAMPLES, By Sample Type, 2020 & 2027 (USD Million)
14. Global Compound Management Market share, by Chemical Compounds, By Sample Type, 2020 & 2027 (USD Million)
15. Global Compound Management Market share, End-users, 2020 & 2027 (%)
16. Global Compound Management Market share, By PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, End-users, 2020 & 2027 (%) (USD Million)
17. Global Compound Management Market share, End-userss, End-users, 2020 & 2027 (%) (USD Million)
18. Global Compound Management Market share, By Research and academic institutes, End-users, 2020 & 2027 (%) (USD Million)
19. Global Compound Management Market share, By Research Organizations, End-users, 2020 & 2027 (%) (USD Million)
20. Global Compound Management Market share, by Region, 2020 & 2027 (%)
21. Global Compound Management Market share, by region, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
22. North America Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
23. North America Compound Management Market share, by Countries, 2020 & 2027 (%)
24. U.S. Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
25. Canada Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
26. Europe Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
27. Europe Compound Management Market share, by Countries, 2020 & 2027 (%)
28. Spain Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
29. UK Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
30. Italy Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
31. Germany Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
32. France Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
33. Rest of Europe Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
34. Asia-Pacific Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
35. Asia-Pacific Compound Management Market share, by Countries, 2020 & 2027 (%)
36. China Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
37. India Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
38. Australia Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
39. Japan Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
40. Rest of Asia-Pacific Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
41. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
42. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market share, by Countries, 2020 & 2027 (%)
43. GCC Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
44. South Africa Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
45. Rest Of Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
46. South America Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
47. Brazil Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
48. Mexico Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
49. Argentina Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)
50. Rest Of South America Compound Management Market, 2020 - 2027(USD Million)

List of Tables

1. Impact of Market drivers
2. Impact of Market restraints
3. Global Compound Management Market, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
4. Compound Management requirement, by country, 2020-2027, (USD Million)
5. North America Compound Management Market, Product & Service, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
6. North America Compound Management Market, By Sample Type, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
7. North America Compound Management Market, End-users, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
8. Europe Compound Management Market, Product & Service, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
9. Europe Compound Management Market, By Sample Type, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
10. Europe Compound Management Market, End-users, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
11. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market, Product & Service, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
12. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market, By Sample Type, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
13. Asia Pacific Compound Management Market, End-users, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
14. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market, Product & Service, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
15. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market, By Sample Type, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
16. Middle East & Africa Compound Management Market, End-users, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
17. South America Compound Management Market, Product & Service, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
18. South America Compound Management Market, By Sample Type, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
19. South America Compound Management Market, End-users, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
20. Global Compound Management Market, Company Market Share, 2020 & 2027(%)
21. Brooks Automation : Product & Service Benchmarking
22. Brooks Automation : Financial Performance
23. Hamilton Company : Product & Service Benchmarking
24. Hamilton Company : Financial Performance
25. TTP Group : Product & Service Benchmarking
26. TTP Group : Financial Performance
27. Labcyte : Product & Service Benchmarking
28. Labcyte : Financial Performance
29. BIOSERO : Product & Service Benchmarking
30. BIOSERO : Financial Performance

The Leading Key Players in Compound Management Market

Brooks Automation (US)
Hamilton Company (US)
TTP Group (US)
Labcyte (US)
Biosero (US)
Tecan (Switzerland) Evotec (Germany)
Wuxi AppTec (China)
Icagen (US)
TCG Lifescience (India)
Frontier Scientific (US).